"The Working Dead": Teachers' experience of reform in the Danish public school
Author(s):
Nana Vaaben (presenting / submitting) Helle Bjerg (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2017
Format:
Paper

Session Information

32 SES 08 B, Learning Communities versus Teaching Machines

Paper Session

Time:
2017-08-24
09:00-10:30
Room:
K6.07
Chair:
Byung Jun Yi

Contribution

This paper combines interest in the ghostly in organisation with an empirical analysis of how teachers in the Danish public school have been affected by simultaneous implementation of two major reforms.  In 2013 a school reform was put in place, alongside with a reform of teachers’ working hour regulations. Prior to the latter reform, the negotiations between the teachers union and the employer side broke down. The result was a lock out of the teachers and the closing of all public schools for almost one month. The government unprecedentedly put an end to the conflict by implementing the working hour regulations through Law 409. However, even if the conflict ended, it refuses to go away. As this teacher puts it: "I get really mad, when people tell me that now we have to put things behind us and move on…I can't!"  Even today, 4 years later, we see how teachers resigning from their job, do so by referring to their entangled experiences of conflict and reform, which eventually have made them loose the joy of teaching (Pedersen, Böwadt, & Vaaben, 2016).

We approach these experiences affecting the work life of teachers through a perspective on the ghostly in organisation. We pursue the question of why it is that teachers seem haunted, both by events of the past, but also by a feeling of having lost the spirit of teaching (Vaaben & Bjerg, 2017). The case of the Danish teachers is used to argue how organisational life is not fully grasped without understanding the spirits, desires, and fantasies animating people or without understanding the ways in which the past and future can haunt the present and call for action. We contribute to the field of policy studies which looks at implementation as translation with a focus on shifting temporalities (Brøgger, 2014; 2016; Pors 2016a;b; Brøgger & Staunæs 2016) ; Phillips & Ochs, 2003; Steiner-Khamsi, 2012). We take our cue in the recent interest in ghostly matters in organisational life (Pors 2016a/b). Moreover we are inspired by scholars on the outlook for Weberian spirits in modern capitalism to describe how people are driven by callings or enforced desires, animating people to do what they do (Appadurai, 2011; Boltanski & Chiapello, 2005; Stavrakakis, 2010). Furthermore we draw on the idea of hauntology as it has been developed by Derrida, primarily in  'Specters of Marx' (Derrida, 1994; Brøgger 2014; 2016).

We unfold ‘the animating spirit’ and haunting as a temporal matter/an absent present through Slavoj Zizek’s reading of Lacanian psychoanalysis (Zizek 1989; 1992). This approach has been used within critical management studies to study the performativity of particular forms of governance and its entanglements with subjectivity, fantasy and desire (Contu & Willmott, 2006; Glynos & Howarth, 2007; Stavrakakis, 2010).

We conceptualise the ghostly as ‘the spirit’ and the ‘absent present’ in the interplay between the three Lacanian orders, and use the concepts of fantasy, desire and drive to focus on how the animating spirit can be understood as desire produced through the fantasy of the desire of the Other. Furthermore we use Zizek’s idea of a space between ‘the two Deaths’ as a space both marked with the urge to settle symbolic accounts, but also as a space without fantasy and desire, marked by pure drive. This is where we may go looking for teachers, who refuse to forget, but who are also turned into ‘working dead’ or as some teachers formulate it, 'teaching machines', doing their job, but without their former spirit of teaching. 

Method

This paper draws on data from two specific research projects as well as a range of more anecdotal evidence from the media, internet forums and informal conversations collected throughout the past four years. In 2014, we conducted observations as well as 18 qualitative interviews with teachers in the immediate aftermath of the conflict and the lockout. All interviews has been transcribed and systematically coded in Nvivo. The interviews were supplemented by an analysis of policy documents leading up to the working hour regulations. The interviews from 2014 are all quite emotional accounts of how the felt criticism from politicians and 'the public' had made the teachers reconsider their jobs, their identities and their relations to an imagined society, being bewildered about what 'they' (society) really wanted from them, and questioning their future within the public school system accordingly. We also draw on a later research project, conducted in 2016. This project was a qualitative questionnaire, addressed to teachers who had abandoned the Danish public schools between 2013 and 2016, asking them to explain in their own words, what had animated them to leave. 405 respondents replied, and their answers to the open survey was systematically coded in Nvivio. From their accounts it is apparent that the events in 2013 had not vanished, but still played a role in the present, and affected what we would call the spirit of teaching (Pedersen et al., 2016). In addition to these two research projects, we have been following the correspondence between teachers on Facebook, where teachers have created a group called 'look into my eyes'. Here teachers exchange experiences and opinions about the school system and especially the reforms. Across these three sources of data, it is very clear, that the events in 2013 have not become past, but keep preoccupying the minds and bodies of teachers, and keep animating them to attempt to regain a respectful place in the official master narrative about the schools. In this particular paper we shall take one the singular case and narrative of one particular teacher to unfold experiences, narratives and figures which we find throughout the empirical material. We look for the ways in which teachers continuously and in search of meaning shape and reshape the stories about themselves and their work by linking to other stories (Boje, 2008; Humle, 2014).

Expected Outcomes

We explore what it is that haunts the teachers as well as the Danish public school in this time of reform. We argue that the experiences of the teachers are marked by a collapse of linear time between past, present and future, and we hope to show how teachers’ are haunted by a feeling and an urge to ‘settle symbolic accounts’ and regain a proper place for the teaching profession within the public master narrative of the needs and deeds of the Danish public school. We propose an explanation as to why some teachers claim that they have decided to leave their teaching position, because they could no longer face themselves, nor their students. We shall propose an understanding of the lockout and Law 409 as a breakdown of the identification with the fantasy of ‘what the Other wants’ or what it means to be a good teacher and doing a good job. We shall argue that this series of events and the ongoing experiences of living with new working hour regulations might have heightened the productivity of the teachers in terms of teaching hours, but may have resolved in killing the spirit of teaching, leaving the teachers the only option of either turning into ‘teaching machines’ or leaving the school in order save the(ir) spirit of teaching. This is our contribution to the increasing research in the performativity of affect and atmosphere in organisation (Beyes & Steyaert, 2013; Brøgger, 2014, 2016; Gordon, 2011; Juelskjær & Staunæs, 2016; Orr, 2014; Pors, 2016a, 2016b). And as such it is an approach to how the policy of reform not only affects the working lives (and souls) of the teachers inhabiting the school, but also how the school is affected, as teachers choose to leave (Pedersen et al., 2016).

References

Appadurai, A. (2011). The Ghost in the Financial Machine. Public Culture, 23(3), 517–539. Beyes, T., & Steyaert, C. (2013). Strangely Familiar: the Uncanny and Unsiting Organizational Analysis. Organization Studies, 34(10), 1445–1465. Boje, D. M. (2008). Storytelling Organizations. London: SAGE Publications. Boltanski, L., & Chiapello, E. (2005). The new spirit of capitalism. London and New York: Verso. Brøgger, K. (2014). The ghosts of higher education reform: on the organizational processes surrounding policy borrowing. Globalization, Societies and Education, 12(4), 520–541. Brøgger, K. (2016). The rule of mimetic desire in higher education: governing through naming, shaming and faming. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(1), 72–91. Contu, a., & Willmott, H. (2006). Studying Practice: Situating Talking About Machines. Organization Studies, 27(12), 1769–1782. doi:10.1177/0170840606071895 Derrida, J. (1994). Specters of Marx. New York: Routledge. Glynos, J., & Howarth, D. (2007). Logics of Critical Explanation in Social and Political Theory. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. Gordon, A. F. (2011). Some thoughts on haunting and futurity. Border Lands, 10(2). Humle, D. M. (2014). The Ambiguity of work: Work practice stories of meaningful and demanding consultancy work. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 4(1), 119–137. Juelskjær, M., & Staunæs, D. (2016). Orchestrating Intensities and Rhythms: How postpsychologies are assisting new educational standards and reforming subjectivities. Theory and Psychology, 26(2), 182–201. Orr, K. (2014). Local Government Chief Executives’ everyday hauntings: Towards a theory of organizational ghosts. Organization Studies, 35(7), 1041–1061. Pedersen, R., Böwadt, P. R., & Vaaben, N. (2016). Hvorfor stopper lærerne i folkeskolen? København. Phillips, D., & Ochs, K. (2003). Processes of policy borrowing in education: Some explanatory and analytical devices. Comparative Education, 39(4), 451–461. Pors, J. G. (2016a). “it sends a cold shiver down my spine”: Ghostly interruptions to strategy implementation. Organization Studies, 37(11), 1641–1659. Pors, J. G. (2016b). The Ghostly workings of Danish accountability policies. Journal of Education Policy, 31(4), 1–16. Stavrakakis, Y. (2010). Symbolic Authority, Fantasmatic Enjoyment and the Spirits of Capitalism: genealogies of Mutual Engagement. In C. Cederström & C. Hoedemaekers (Eds.), Lacan and Organization (pp. 59–100). London: Mayfly. Steiner-Khamsi, G. (2012). Understanding policy borrowing and lending. Building comparative policy studies. In G. Steiner, Khamsi & F. Waldow (Eds.), World yearbook of education 2012: Policy borrowing and lending in education (pp. 3–17). New York: Routledge. Vaaben, N., & Bjerg, H. (2017). “The Working Dead”: Teachers’ experiences of reform in the Danish public school. Ephemera, Forthcoming.

Author Information

Nana Vaaben (presenting / submitting)
UCC, Denmark
Helle Bjerg (presenting)
UCC
Research and Development
Copenhagen

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