What is changing? – Negotiating the scope and nature of the reformation of the Danish Public School
Author(s):
Didde Maria Humle (presenting / submitting) Nana Vaaben (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2017
Format:
Paper

Session Information

32 SES 03, Organizational Change as Process

Paper Session

Time:
2017-08-22
17:15-18:45
Room:
K3.18
Chair:
Andreas Schröer

Contribution

In this paper we depart from narrative organizational studies pointing to the introduction of change or innovation as important times for evoking, negotiating and enacting different notions and (re)constructions of the past, present and future and of “who we are” and “what we do” as organizations, professions, groups and individuals (e.g. Linde, 2001; Humphreys & Brown, 2002; Søderberg 2006; Pedersen & Johansen, 2012; Humle & Frandsen, 2016). Our case is the current processes of reforming the Danish Public Schools and we turn our attention towards micro level interactions and storytelling practices negotiating the scope and nature of the changes. In spring 2013 teachers all over Denmark were collectively locked out from their work as a culmination of a month long conflict between the teachers' union and the association of municipalities representing the employers. The dispute was primarily about “time”- about how working time was measured, about who (managers or teachers) should decide how teachers should spend their working time, and about whether or not teachers were productive enough during their working time (Bjerg and Vaaben 2015b, n.d.). After three weeks of lockout, with lots of demonstrations, media attention, and fierce public debates about teachers, their working time and the quality of the schools, the Danish government ended the conflict by introducing a law on working time for teachers, based on principles very similar to the initial claims of the employers side, who wanted the teacher’s working time “normalized”(Bjerg and Vaaben 2015b, n.d.). The new law gave school principals the right to decide how teachers should spend their working time, increased the number of teaching hours and required teachers to spend all their working time at the schools. The law was to be implemented the following year on the very same date as a major reform of all the public schools in Denmark.

Several researchers accentuates the role of everyday storytelling practices as important in the understanding of identity and sense making processes during periods of organizational change or uncertainties (Humphreys & Brown, 2002; Chreim 2007). In the daily life of organizational members these storytelling practices and performances take on many different forms of e.g. conversations, newspaper articles, ministerial documents etc. involving different actors and going on in different spaces (Henderson & Boje, 2015).We study the processes of reforming and changing the Danish public school by conceptualizing the voices of the involved actors; teachers, school managers, parents, pupils, public servants, politicians etc. as a web of story performances intertextually related across time and space (Boje, 2001; 2011; Humle, 2014b); negotiating past, present and future notions of the Danish Public Schools and the everyday work of teachers. To unfold this web of stories and story fragments we build a theoretical framework by combining the work of Boje on antenarrative storytelling (2001; 2006; 2008; 2011, 2015) with the work of Jackson (1995; 1998; 2002) who draws attention to the existential aspects of storytelling. By this combination we are able to study how different notions or storylines are produced, negotiated and contested across time and space involving existential struggles to make sense of past, present and future notions of self, work, organizing and the world of others. Particularly we study the story work of teachers as they strive to make sense of and handle all the different ambitions and notions of their work, “who they are” and “what they do” or ”should be doing”. 

Method

Our empirical material consist of interviews made in 2014 - 2015 in the first year of the reform and interviews with teachers conducted in the year following the lockout, while waiting for the reforms to be implemented. To unfold the web of stories negotiating the meaning of the reforms and the past, present and future work of school teachers we have also included into the analysis documents (reports, government & policy documents, newspaper articles, materials from both KL and DLF ect.) from the same periods and we are presently following the ways in which teachers discuss their work with each other in different facebook groups and other fora. More specifically the material consists of: 22 interviews with teachers conducted in the year following the lockout - waiting for the reforms to be implemented. 14 interviews (9 teachers, 3 principals, 1 manager at the municipality and one group interview with the two consultants conducting a reform related education) and observations (80 hours, from October 2014 – May 2015) of a concrete reform initiated transformation process on three schools in one municipality educating 28 teachers to assist in the implementation of instructional learning (læringsmålstyret undervisning) and supervise their colleague in this new form of working. The fieldwork and interviews were conducted by the authors of the article. The interviews lasted from 40 minutes to two hours and were all transcribed and analyzed using both thematic, performative and structural forms of narrative analysis (Riesmann, 2008). We adopt a broad and none restrictive definition of what constitutes a story. The antenarrative vocabulary makes it possible to study the narrative qualities of all types of statements, utterances, full-blown BME narratives and fragments of storytelling as part of the on-going story work of individuals, groups and organizations as meaning and identity are negotiated across time and space (Humle, 2014b).

Expected Outcomes

We present and explicate two interrelated dialogs central to the on-going negotiations and sensemaking process of the involved actors as the reformation of the Danish Public School is translated into everyday organizational practices. One dialog is about the scope and nature of the changes. In the “grand narratives” of the reform the significance and scope are narrated as comprehensive; either significantly improving or devastatingly destroying the school. However in the antenarrative underbelly of everyday story performances the scope and consequences of the changes takes on many different forms and sizes. At some points they turn everything upside down and at other times – even in the same storytelling episode – they are narrated as more or less insignificant in practice. The other dialog negotiates the meaning of the current changes by relating them to different notions of the past, present and future. The past is used and narrated in different ways across time and space. The stories relate to each other, conflict and intertwine in different ways by presenting many possible storylines of the past, present or future of the Danish Public Schools. Several studies of organizational transformation processes illustrate how organizational members when being confronted with troublesome and undesired changes collectively turn to the past (Humphreys & Brown, 2002; Strangleman, 1999; Zerubavel, 1996). Our analysis suggests that this is not a possible refuge for the teachers as they find their positive notions of the past destroyed by the continues retelling of them as a lazy profession not having done a good job in the past - conflicting with and destroying their understanding of themselves as hardworking and dedicated people making a genuine difference to the learning and well-being of their pupils.

References

Bjerg, Helle and Nana Vaaben. 2015a. “Indledning.” Pp. 13–27 in At lede efter læring: Ledelse og organiseringer i den reformerede skole. Frederiksberg: Samfundslitteratur. Bjerg, Helle and Nana Vaaben. 2015b. “Striden Om Tiden.” in At lede efter læring: Ledelse og organiseringer i den reformerede skole. København: Samfundslitteratur. Bjerg, Helle and Nana Vaaben. 2016 (in press). “The Danish School as a Haunted House - Reforming Time, Work and Fantasies of Teaching in the Danish Public School.” Ephemera. Boje D. M. (2001): ‘Narrative Methods for Organizational & Communication Research’, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Boje, D. M., (2006): ‘Breaking out of Narrative’s Prison: Improper Story in Storytelling Organization’, Story, Self, Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Storytelling Studies, 2(2): 28-49 Boje, D. M. (2008): Storytelling Organizations, London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Boje, D. M. (ed) (2011): Storytelling and the Future of Organizations. An Antenarrative Handbook, New York: Routledge Chreim, S. (2007): Social and temporal influences on interpretations of organizational identity and acquisition integration: A narrative study. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(4), 449-480. Henderson, Tonya; Boje, D. M. (2015). Organizational Development Change Theory: Managing Fractal Organizing Processes. London/NY: Routledge. Humphreys, M. and Brown, A. D. (2002): ‘Narratives of Organizational Identity and Identification: A Case Study of Hegemony and Resistance’, Organization Studies, 23(3): 421-447 Humle, D. M. (2014a). The Ambiguity of work: Work practice stories of meaningful and demanding consultancy work. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 4(1), 119-137. Humle, D. M. (2014b). Remembering who WE are-memories of identity through storytelling. Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry, 12(3). Humle, D. M., & Pedersen, A. R. (2015). Fragmented work stories: Developing an antenarrative approach by discontinuity, tensions and editing. Management Learning, 46(5), 582-597. Jackson, Michael. 1998. Minima Ethnographica: Intersubjectivity and the Anthropological Project. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pedersen, Anne Reff. 2014. “Narrativ Organisationsteori.” Pp. 301–16 in Klassisk og Moderne Organisationsteori, edited by Signe Vikkelsø and Peter Kjær. Hans Reitzels Forlag. Pedersen, A. R. and Johansen M. B. (2012): ‘Strategic and everyday innovative narratives: Translating ideas into everyday life in organizations’, Innovation Journal, 17(1): 2-18. Strangleman, T. (1999): The nostalgia of organisations and the organisation of nostalgia: past and present in the contemporary railway industry. Sociology, 33(4), 725-746. Søderberg, A. M. (2006): ‘Narrative interviewing and narrative analysis in a study of a cross-border merger’, Management International Review, 46(4): 397-416.

Author Information

Didde Maria Humle (presenting / submitting)
UCC Universety College
Forskningsprogrammet Ledelse og Organisatorisk Læring
København V
Nana Vaaben (presenting)
UCC
Research and Development
Copenhagen

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