Education outside the classroom as an ‘add-in’, holistic school-based health promotion initiative: the TEACHOUT study
Conference:
ECER 2017
Format:
Paper

Session Information

08 SES 04 JS, Outdoor Activity, Health Promotion and Learning

Joint Paper Session NW 08 and NW 18

Time:
2017-08-23
09:00-10:30
Room:
K3.24
Chair:
Line Anne Roien

Contribution

The World Health Organization, as well as many national health organisations, regards schools as an important setting for a wide range of health-promotion initiatives  (Stewart-Brown, 2006; Langford et al., 2014), as children spend around 40% of their waking hours at school and as children from all socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds can be reached (Fairclough et al., 2012).

However, school-based health promotion initiatives are often extracurricular activities or “add-ons” to schools’ and teachers’ main objectives (i.e. academic learning) and everyday practice (Simovska et al., 2016). The fact that it is an extra task on top of other teaching obligations can act as a barrier to the implementation of such initiatives, and this may be one reason why the results of some school-based health promotion interventions are mixed (Pucher et al., 2013). Integrating research-based health promotion with schools’ main aims and objectives in such a way that teachers and students experience them as “add-ins” rather than “add-ons” may help the implementation.

Education outside the classroom (EOtC) (Beames et al., 2011) is an example of such an add-in, holistic school-based health promotion initiative, as it aims to promote physical activity (PA), but also learning, social relations, motivation, and well-being (Becker et al., 2017; Rickinson et al., 2004). In a Danish school context, EOtC is referring to curriculum-based education outside of school in natural as well as cultural settings on a regular basis (Bentsen et al., 2009). EOtC activities are characterised by teachers using the local environment in their teaching, and involve innovative teaching methods, child-led approaches to problem-solving, experimentation, cooperation, PA, and play (Rickinson et al., 2004; Jordet, 2008; Waite et al., 2013).

In Scandinavia, EOtC practice has increased in the past decade. In Denmark, for example, from a few schools and teachers using the approach at the turn of the century, by 2007 more than 290 schools (approx. 14% of all schools in the country) were practicing it (Bentsen et al., 2010). However, mainly case studies have evaluated its impacts. These have shown that, in the Scandinavian context, EOtC can have a positive influence on school children’s PA (Grønningsæter et al., 2007; Mygind, 2007, 2016; Mygind et al., 2017), use of language (Herholdt, 2003), social relations (Mygind, 2009), well-being (Gustafsson et al., 2012), and attitudes to school (Hartmeyer & Mygind, 2016).

Despite the widespread provision and national policy recommendations of EOtC, no formal systematic, structured evaluation of EOtC has been carried out. It is the aim of the TEACHOUT study to fill this gap.

The TEACHOUT project is a quasi-experimental, cross-disciplinary study which evaluates the impacts of EOtC on children’s PA, well-being, social relations, motivation, and learning (Nielsen et al., 2016). We present and discuss the study design, measurements and analytical strategies. Preliminary results on the health promoting potential of EOtC related to PA, social relations, learning outcomes, and motivation are available by autumn 2017.

Method

The study builds on a quasi-experimental design, is cross-disciplinary, and uses mixed-methods evaluation. Eighteen schools, containing 28 EOtC classes and 20 parallel non-EOTC control classes, with a total of 992 children aged 9 to 13 years participated. Measures of the children’s social relations, motivation for school, well-being, and academic performance were collected at the beginning (baseline) and end of the school year. Data on PA levels were collected over ten-day periods during the school year using accelerometers (Schneller et al., 2017). The amount and characteristics of the actual EOtC provided in each class (both EOtC and non-EOtC) was monitored day-to-day throughout the school year, using an online teacher survey platform (Bølling et al., 2017). The effects of EOtC on school performance, well-being, school motivation, and social relations networks are analysed by comparing EOtC pupils to control pupils at the end of the school year, adjusting for the baseline values. The impacts of EOtC on PA are evaluated by comparing overall weekly PA of children in EOtC and control classes and context-specific amounts of PA on different day types and domains across all children. Furthermore, the interdependencies between PA, social relations, well-being, motivation, and learning are explored using path analysis.

Expected Outcomes

Day-to-day monitoring showed that the mean amount of provided EOtC per week was 4.72 (S.E.:=.23) hours in the EOtC classes compared to 1.64 (S.E.:=.4) hours in the non-EOtC classes. Preliminary finding on PA and well-being indicate a positive effect of EOtC. The study represents a novel approach in the fields of educational and health promotion research through its study design, cross-disciplinary and mixed methods approach, and holistic focus on the interdependent relations between learning, PA, social relations, well-being, and motivation. Presenting and discussing the project and study design is relevant because there is a growing need for developing, implementing and evaluating complex real-life school-based health promotion strategies that have a holistic and cross-disciplinary approach and objectives. The TEACHOUT study will result in a comprehensive picture of school health promotion and children’s learning, health and well-being which will broaden the understanding of the potential benefits of EOtC in school health promotion and primary education. These results can be used to inform and guide future policy and practice. A specific focus is whether children who are classified as overweight, with special needs, or from minority groups will benefit from EOtC in relation to PA, social integration as well as academic success.

References

Becker, C., Lauterbach, G., Spengler, S., Dettweiler, U, & Mess, F. (2017). Effects of Regular Classes in Outdoor Education Settings: A Systematic Review on Students’ Learning, Social and Health Dimensions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 485. Bentsen, P., Mygind, E., & Randrup, T.B. (2009). Towards an understanding of udeskole: education outside the classroom in a Danish context. Education 3-13, 37(1), 29-44. Bentsen, P., Jensen, F.S., Mygind, E., & Randrup, T.B. (2010). The extent and dissemination of udeskole in Danish schools. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(3), 235-43. Bølling, M., Bentsen, P., Schneller, M.B., Schipperijn, J., Otte, C.R., Donaldson, A., Mygind, E., & Nielsen, G. (2017). Brighten the black box of school-based intervention: feasibility of an online instrument to monitor education outside the classroom [in prep.]. Hartmeyer, R. & Mygind, E. (2016). A retrospective study of social relations in a Danish primary school class taught in ‘udeskole’. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 16(1), 78-89 Mygind, E. (2007). A comparison between children’s physical activity levels at school and learning in an outdoor environment. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 7(2), 161-176. Mygind, E. (2009). A comparison of children’s statements about social relations and teaching in the classroom and in the outdoor environment. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 9(2), 151-169. Mygind, E. (2016). Physical activity during learning inside and outside the classroom. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 3(5), 455-467. Mygind, L., Kryger, T.B, Sidenius, G., Schipperijn, J., & Bentsen, P. (2017). A school excursion to a museum can promote physical activity behaviors in children by integrating movement in curricular activities. European Physical Education Review [accepted]. Nielsen, G., Mygind, E., Bølling, M., Otte, C.R., Schneller, M.B., Ejbye-Ernst, N., Schipperijn, J., & Bentsen, P. (2016). A quasi-experimental cross-disciplinary evaluation of the impacts of Education Outside the Classroom on pupils’ physical activity, well-being and learning: the TEACHOUT study protocol. BMC Public Health, 16, 1117. Schneller, M.B., Bentsen, P., Nielsen, G., Brønd, J.C., Ried-Larsen, M., Mygind, E., & Schipperijn, J. (2017). Measuring Children's Physical Activity: Compliance Using Skin-taped Accelerometers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise [accepted]. Schneller, M.B., Duncan, S., Schipperijn, J., Nielsen, G., & Mygind, E., & Bentsen, P. (2017). Are children participating in a quasi-experimental education outside the classroom intervention more physically active? BMC Public Health [accepted].

Author Information

Peter Bentsen (submitting)
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
Mads Bølling (presenting)
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen
Camilla Roed Otte (presenting)
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen

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